1 He used the epithet Philadelphos on silver tetradrachms issued during his reign in Antioch which bear the inscription “ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΑΝΤΙΟΧΟΥ ΦΙΛΑΔΕΛΦΟΥ”; see Houghton, Lorber and Hoover, SC II, 2487 (a specimen is presented on this website under ID number A13-AR-01). The epithet Philometor is stated on bronze coins issued during his joint reign with his mother Kleopatra Selene which bear the inscription “ΒΑΣΙΛΙΣΣΗΣ ΚΛΕΟΠΑΤΡΑΣ ΣΕΛΗΝΗΣ ΚΑΙ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΑΝΤΙΟΧΟΥ ΦΙΛΟΜΗΤΟΡΟΣ”; see Houghton, Lorber and Hoover, SC II, 2484 and 2486.

2 The sobriquet Asiatikos is mentioned by Appian, Roman History, 11.70: The son (Antiochos XIII) of Pius (Antiochos X) and Selene (Kleopatra Selene), who was brought up in Asia and was for that reason called Asiaticus, was deprived of the government of Syria by Pompey, as I have already mentioned.

3 A date in the early 80s BC is also possible, but a date in the late 90s BC is more likely. See Bennett, Egyptian Royal Genealogy: Cleopatra Selene.

4 For details, see discussions under Kleopatra Selene.

5 Dobias, Φιλιππος Βαρυπους – A Contribution to the History of the Last Seleukids, pp. 225-227, suggests the following chronology:

October 6, 69 BC: The Battle of Tigranocerta. After Lucullus’s victory over Tigranes II, Antiochos XIII returned to Syria, he was accepted by the people of Antioch on the Orontes and recognized as legitimate king by Lucullus. His reign lasted only a year.

Since at least 67/6 BC, Antiochos XIII was held in captivity by an Arabian sheikh Samsigeramos (alternative spelling: Sampsiceramus).

67/6 BC: Philip II is attested as king in Antioch but was later deposed. It is not known if he still reigned in 66/5 BC or if Antioch was a free city for some time after his dethronement.

66 BC: The surrender of Tigranes II to Pompey, conclusion of peace between Tigranes II and Rome.

66 or 65 BC: Pompey’s legates L. Lollius and Q. Metellus Nepot arrived in Syria with an army (the capture of Damascus). As there was a danger that Pompey would annex Syria, Samsigeramos released Antiochos XIII because he preferred a weak incapable king to a transformation of Syria into a Roman province.

65 - 64 BC: The second reign of Antiochos XIII in Antioch. His second reign also lasted only a year.

64 BC: Antiochos XIII was deposed by Pompey and Syria became a Roman province.

Hoover, Revised Chronology for the Late Seleucids at Antioch (121/0-64 BC), pp. 299 and 301, suggests 68/7 BC for the 1st reign and 65/4 for the 2nd reign.

See also Bellinger, The End of the Seleucids, pp. 82-85, and Burgess, The Moon Is A Harsh Mistress - The Rise and Fall of Cleopatra II Selene, p. 24.

6 Bellinger, The End of the Seleucids, p. 85; Bevan, The House of Seleucus, Vol. II, p. 267; Green, Alexander to Actium, p. 658; Hoover, Revised Chronology for the Late Seleucids at Antioch (121/0-64 BC), p. 299; Lorber and Hoover, SC II, Vol. I, pp. 617-618.

Diodorus Siculus, Library of History, 40.1b: ... When the king (Antiochos XIII), knowing nothing of this, complied, Sampsiceramus acted the part of a friend but placed him under arrest, and though for the time being he merely held him closely guarded in chains, he later had him put to death.

7 For details, see discussions under Kleopatra Selene.

8 The existence of Antiochos XIII’s brother is attested by his epithet Philadelphos (the Brother-loving), see footnote 1. The brother is also mentioned by Cicero, The first oration against Verres, 4.27.61, but he is not named there: For you know that the kings of Syria, the boyish sons of King Antiochus (Antiochos X), have lately been at Rome. And they came not on account of the kingdom of Syria; for that they had obtained possession of without dispute, as they had received it from their father and their ancestors; but they thought that the kingdom of Egypt belonged to them and to Selene their mother (Kleopatra Selene). When they, being hindered by the critical state of the republic at that time, were not able to obtain the discussion of the subject as they wished before the senate, they departed for Syria, their paternal kingdom. One of them – the one whose name is Antiochus (Antiochos XIII) – wished to make his journey through Sicily. And so, while Verres was praetor, he came to Syracuse.

According to Bennett, Egyptian Royal Genealogy: Cleopatra Selene and Berenice IV, this second son of Kleopatra Selene can be probably identified with Seleukos Kybiosaktes, the first husband of Berenice IV, Queen of Egypt (his epithet “Kybiosaktes”, i.e. “salt fish seller”, describes his coarseness and vulgarity). Seleukos Kybiosaktes married to Berenice IV on an unknown date but she had him killed shortly thereafter (or perhaps died of illness). Bennett, Egyptian Royal Genealogy: Berenice IV, footnote 15, concludes: Whether or not Kybiosaktes was in truth Seleucus (VII?) the brother of Antiochus XIII, it is likely that is who he claimed to be, and the circumstantial arguments suggest that the claim, even though it may later have been repudiated by Berenice, is more likely to be correct than not.

See also Burgess, The Moon Is A Harsh Mistress - The Rise and Fall of Cleopatra II Selene, p. 24; Grainger, A Seleukid Prosopography and Gazetteer, p. 66 - Seleukos (3), and Kritt, Numismatic Evidence for a New Seleucid King: Seleucus (VII) Philometor.

Note that Kritt, Numismatic Evidence for a New Seleucid King: Seleucus (VII) Philometor, describes a bronze coin which he attributes to Kleopatra Selene and to Seleukos Philometor, the brother of Antiochos XIII who may or may not be the same person as Seleukos Kybiosaktes. The attribution is based on the jugate female and male busts on the obverse and on the fragmentary inscription on the reverse which Kritt reads as ‘ΒΑCΙΛΙCCΗ[C] ΚΛΕΟΠΑΤΡΑ[C] CΕΛΗΝ[ΗC] ΚΑΙ ΒΑC CΕΛΕΥΚ[ΟΥ] [Φ]ΙΛΟΜΗΤΟΡ[ΟC]’ (“of Queen Kleopatra Selene and King Seleukos Philometor”). Nevertheless, Hoover, Dethroning Seleucus VII Philometor (Cybiosactes): Epigraphical Arguments Against a Late Seleucid Monarch, reads the inscription as ‘ΒΑCΙΛΙCCΗ[C] ΚΛΕΟΠΑΤΡΑ[C] CΕΛΗΝ[ΗC] ΚΑΙ ΒΑCΙ[Λ]ΕΩC [Α]Ν[ΤΙΟΧΟΥ] [Φ]ΙΛΟΜΗΤΟΡ[ΟC]’ (“of Queen Kleopatra Selene and King Antiochos Philometor”) and he attributes the coin to Kleopatra Selene and Antiochos XIII. See also Lorber and Hoover, SC II, Vol. I, p. 615.